France, Germany and the UK: Three Models of Quantum Industrial Policy

Quantum technologies are becoming a test case for how advanced economies convert scientific strength into industrial capacity, strategic autonomy and investable markets. France, Germany and the United Kingdom are often treated as parts of the same European quantum landscape, but their policy models differ substantially. France is using quantum as an instrument of technological sovereignty and national industrial selection. Germany is building on a broad scientific, industrial and federal ecosystem, with particular strength in enabling technologies, metrology, sensing, components and advanced manufacturing. The United Kingdom is pursuing the most explicit commercialisation and scale-up model, linking public funding, national missions, private capital and early market formation.